The ways that capitalism uses technology as a means of control was discussed on Thursday evening in London, at a meeting organised by the Breaking the Frame collective.
The meeting was called “Interrogating Digital Capitalism”. Ursula Huws, who researches technology and labour at the University of Hertfordshire, started her talk by arguing that terms such as “digital capitalism” and “biocapitalism” are unhelpful. “I prefer to talk about capitalism”, she said.
Capitalism uses technology at each stage of its restructuring, after recurrent crises, Huws argued. She pointed to three main ways that it uses technology for social control.
■ Technology is used to “simplify and standardise work processes” and sometimes – but not always – to substitute for labour.
■ Technologies are used to control work processes, and for surveillance.
■ Technologies are used to “create new commodities, bringing new areas of human activity into alienated, commodified relationships”. This included the “formalisation of the information economy” and the “commodification of domestic labour”.
Huws talked about the role of internet-based employment platforms in the “gig” economy. With her colleague Simon Joyce, she last year published research suggesting that up to 5 million people in the UK have been pulled into the “gig economy”.
In a recent article about Uber introducing driverless cars in Pittsburgh, USA, Huws argued that “this kind of restructuring tends to create new jobs, even as it destroys others. Driverless cars may do to professional drivers what washing machines did to laundry workers. But capitalism, disruptive as ever, carries on as usual.”
Huws argued at the meeting that those hired via sites such as Freelancer, Upwork or Clickworker – often to do work conducted in isolated settings such as window cleaning or other domestic tasks – will find it harder to organise collectively than the Uber drivers. who have played a front-line role in worker organisation of precarious workers.
Richard Hall of De Montfort university spoke about the Cybernetic Hypothesis, published by the French collective Tiqqun in the mid 1990s. (An English translation of the document is here.)
Richard argued that cybernetics is “a systemic, structural and secular response to the issue of maintaining stable forms of accumulation and avoiding crisis inside capitalism”. (He has put notes from his talk on his blog.) He quoted Tiqqun’s assertion that cybernetics is “the tool by which capitalism has adjusted its capacity for disintegration and its quest after profit to one another”.
During discussion, Bob Hughes – whose book The Bleeding Edge, on technology and inequality, was published last year – argued that a critique Uber Eats of technology needed to acknowledge not only the dangers inherent in its use by capitalism, but also its potentialities for socialism and for human development.
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workers on a picket line, London, August 2016.
Photo from the IWGB Couriers and Logistics branch web site.
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“It is very difficult to imagine technology other than as it really is now”, Hughes said – but we have to make that effort, as we imagine post-capitalist forms of society.
(There’s an interesting blog post by Hughes here.)
Thursday’s meeting was the first of a series being organised by Breaking the Frame. This is a very useful initiative.
In my view technology is a double-edged sword. We need an all-rounded understanding of it, which takes account both of the complicated way that it is used under capitalism for social control, and in the labour process (on which Ursula Huws’s talk focused), and of its potentialities, that should be integrated into our visions of post-capitalist society (as suggested in the discussion by Bob Hughes). GL, 10 July 2017.
■ Note for those who, like me, have not read up on cybernetics. It was defined in 1948 by one of its founders, Norbert Wiener, as “the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine”. Wikipedia says that in the 21st century, the term is often used in a rather loose way to imply “control of any system using technology”.
■ About the picture. It shows workers for Uber Eats in London, during industrial action organised by the couriers and logistics branch of the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain, a grass-roots union outside the official TUC-affiliated structures.
There were a series of strikes at Uber, Deliveroo and other “gig economy” employers last year. One result was a series of largely successful legal challenges to these companies’ practice of treating precarious workers as self-employed.
The photo shows a picket in defence of Imran Siddiqui, who was victimised by Uber for his part in this campaign.
More about technology on People and Nature.
The Lucas plan and the politics of technology, by David King (26 October 2016)
Technological utopias: the nuts and bolts (23 September 2016). A response to Inventing the Future by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams
I have seen the techno-future and I’m not so sure it works. Comments on Postcapitalism by Paul Mason. (4 April 2016)
Very interesting...my youngest boy, only 9, spoke to me about 'knowledgy' the other day when we were chatting about Facebooks recent Chatbots development. I initially had no idea what 'knowledgy' was until he explained that it was his word for knowledge through technology but not the other way around!
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